During Donald Trump's first term in office, appointing federal judges became one of his biggest accomplishments.

Legal experts predict Trump will move quickly next year to cement and extend that legacy — and they said he will enjoy some substantial advantages this time around: being able to see how his initial picks performed.

"The president will have a ready pool of nominees who he already knows, and is comfortable with," said Jesse Panuccio, a former top official in the Trump Justice Department who now works in private legal practice.

Panuccio pointed out Trump is the first president since 1893 to have served nonconsecutive terms in office. He said perhaps not since Grover Cleveland served in the Oval Office, "... the president is going to have the opportunity to see how these appointments, these appointees, have performed on the bench for several years now."

Appointees of a president don't always act according to his wishes once they're in a life-tenured post. Now, Trump is likely to be more discerning in trying to gauge whether a nominee is likely to abide by his priorities many years down the line, by examining their records on the bench and their writings.

Republicans are in line to control the Senate with 53 votes, giving the Trump White House plenty of running room to confirm nominees.

Russell Wheeler, a fellow at the Brookings Institution think tank, said if senators go about confirming judges with the same "ferocity" they exhibited during the first Trump administration, Trump will have a good chance to change the makeup of the federal courts "quite dramatically."

In his first four years in the White House, the Senate confirmed 234 Trump-nominated judges, including Supreme Court Justices Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett.

Because these federal judges serve for life, and because Trump has tended to choose younger people for these jobs, "we could be looking at a Trump judiciary for the next generation or so," Wheeler said.

Spotlight on loyalty

In the Biden years, the White House made a major push for diverse judge nominees. Nearly two in three of the Biden judges have been women. Many of them are people of color.

"The number of white males Biden appointed to the bench you could almost count on your hands and your fingers and toes," Wheeler said.

Trump, on the other hand, may select judges based on personal loyalty, if his other choices for key Cabinet picks are a guide.

But a key question for next year is whether Trump's interest in loyalty could alienate some Republicans in the Senate.

Edward Whelan works at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank. He writes frequently about the federal judiciary.

"Back in 2005, when President George W. Bush nominated Harriet Miers to fill Sandra Day O'Connor's seat, the conservative legal movement erupted in opposition to that pick," Whelan recalled.

Miers, a friend of the president who had worked as a law clerk but had no prior experience as a judge, eventually withdrew her nomination to the Supreme Court.

"The takeaway from that is that the president proceeds at great risk if he nominates someone who's simply a loyalist or someone who is seen as not qualified," Whelan said.

Skye Perryman leads Democracy Forward, a left-leaning group that advocates for progressive causes and judges. Perryman said she expects Trump to advance nominees with what she calls "extreme" positions on issues such as limits to reproductive rights. But, she said, there is a possible check on that process.

"There is an opportunity to highlight and hold senators accountable, including Republican senators, should they confirm judges that are out of step with what the vast majority of Americans hope and believe," Perryman said.

Senators will have to decide if loyalty to Trump is worth the risk of voter backlash in the next midterm elections in 2026.

Copyright 2025 NPR